In 1829, the first electric motor was invented that converted electrical energy into mechanical energy. The first capable electric motor invention was credited to the British scientist William Sturgeon. These electrical motors were placed into everyday appliances such as machine tools and household appliances. There were three different size of electric motors. The smallest motors were used in items like wristwatches. The medium-sized motors had the characteristics provided convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The largest electrical motors were used in the propulsion of ships and water pumps ranging a usage of a million watts. The principle of production of mechanical force by the uses of the electric currents and a meagnetic field were known as early as 1821. The electric motors of efficiency were constructed throughout the nineteenth century which led to the distribution of the electric motor on a large scale that required the efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks. This electric motor led to the production of many other motors that are used even today, two being the DC motor and the AC motor. A DC motor stood for a Direct Current motor and AC standing for a Alternating Current motor. The AC motor had benefits such as the long life, low cost, and the large ratings. There were also a large number os standardized types. The DC motor had a long life span, low mantainance, and high efficiency. Over time, the motors were upgraded to have different power in watts and higher horsepower.
"Electric Motor." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 16 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor>.
The Plague Riot in Moscow
The Plague Riot in Moscow was a riot in 1771 between Semptember 15 and Semptember 17 caused by the outbreak of the bubonic plague. The first signs of the outbreak appeared in the late 1770, which turned into a major epidemic in the spring of of 1771. The authorities of the city had taken action and were setting up quarantaines and the destruction of property without compensation. This caused anger and fear among the people. The city's economy froze and there werer food shortages everywhere. The city's nobility and the rich fled the cityto protect themselves from the riots to come. Rumors had spread by now and huge masses of people started to riot. The Archbishop Ambrosius of Moscow had tried to stop the citizens from gathering up at the Icon of the Virgin Mary of Bogolyubovo as a quarantine measure. This proved to be the immediate cause of the Plague Riot. On September 15, people started to rush to the Red Square when they heard the sound of the alarm bell. They pushed aside the military resistence and destroyed the archbishops home and wine cellars. The Archbishop barely managed to escape to the Donskoy Monastery. On September 16, the riot gained strength and the sngry citizens captures the Donskoy Monastery and murdered the Archbishop Ambrosius. They also destroyed two other quarantine areas. The crowd continued on to Kremlin's Spassiye Gates where they where attacked by the city's military. The crowds were forced to disperse. On the morning of September 17, about 1,000 ctizens gathered in front of the gates once more to try to force the military down, but the army succeeded in supressing the army once again and stopping the riot. About 300 people were put on trial and it took much time for the government to give the people food and shelter. In cold weather, the outbreak began to die down. More than 20,000 people died during the plague.
"Plague Riot." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 14 Aug. 2010. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_Riot>.
"Plague Riot." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 14 Aug. 2010. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_Riot>.
The American Revolutiuon
The American Revolution was the political chaos during the second half of the 18th century, in which the thirteen colonies united together to fight from British control. The Americans had rejected the authority of the British Parliament overseas by expelling all royal officials from Britain. By 1774 had a temporary Congress and they were self governing states. The British government officials were angered and responded to the uprising by sending troops to put the people of the thirteen colonies back into line where they belonged. Through meetings in 1775, the thirteen colonies decided to defend their land and their governments. This led to the military war known as the American Revolutionary War. The states had determined that the British were using acts of tyranny, so they broke their allegiance to Britain. The last ties with Britain were broken when Congress issued the United States Declaration of Independence. This, to the Britains meant that they rejected their Parliament for their own nation that was self governed. The American Revolutionary War ended with the Americans winning on October 1781, and Great Britain formally cut all ropes to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The American Revolution was the result of the social, political, and intellectual changes in the American society. A major result of the Revolution was the creation of the democratically-elected government responsible to the will of the people. Many of the nation's internal issues were cleared in the reatification of the United States Constitution in 1788.
"American Revolution." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 3 Feb. 2011. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution.
"The American Revolution." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/>.
"The American Revolution." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/>.
The French Revolution
The French Revolution took place from 1789 to 1799, and it was a time of radical social and political change with radical ideas. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France collapsed in three years. The French society underwent a huge change as the feudal, aristocratic, and religious priviledges that people had were destroyed. The French Revolution began in 1789 when the Estates-General met in May. The Third Estate had proclaimed the Tennis Oath Oath in June, the attack on the Bastille in July, the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Manand of the Citizen in August, and the march on Versailles to try to bring back the royal family back to Paris in October. The following years were filled with conflicts between liberal assemblies and a conservative monarchy trying to stop major reforms. A French republic was created in September 1792, and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. There were the French Revolutionary Wars that started in 1792 which led to the victories over the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries, and most of the territorieswest of the Rhine. Within France, the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794 spreads and 16,000 to 40,000 people are killed. Once Robespierre and the Jacobins fell, the Directory took position of governing France in 1795, and held its power until 1799, when the Consulate took over under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. This was the end of the French Revolution that destroyed many lives, hopes, and dreams.
"French Revolution." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Revolution.
"The French Revolution." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.youtube.com/.
My Life As Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus was interested in everything about populations. He collected statistics on births, deaths, age of marriage and pregnant women, and the economic factors that led to a longer life. His main accomplishment was detailing the relationship between the food supply and the population in Essay on the Principles of Population.
Thomas Robert Malthus was born on February 14, 1766 at Dokering, an area south of London. Malthus's father was named Daniel Malthus and was a Jacobin that had worked with other philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Hume. Malthus was educated privately by his fathers and a group of private tutors. At 18, he attended Cambridge college where Malthus became a curate, or a person authorized to conduct religious worship, of the Church of England. When Malthus became 38, he got married and left Cambridge. In 1805 he became a professor at Haileybury, a university that was for the general education of the East India Company.
Between 1798 and 1826, Malthus published his major work Essay on the Principles of Population. Malthus argued that when the population is unchecked, it increases at a geometric rate while the food supply increases at a slower rate. The result will be overpopulation and starvation if the human race is not held in check. Malthus stated that there were only two things that kept the population down: vice and misery, two necessary evils being war, famine, and disease. The greatest conclusion of Malthus's Essay on the Principles of Population was that the unchecked population will surpass man's ability to live on this planet.
Malthus also argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits: positive checks, which raises death rates; and preventative checks, which lowers birth rates. Malthus had been a realist that had been picked on by the idealists because of his work. There was much criticism by other people that led Malthus to make six different updated editions of Essay on the Principles of Population that included his more updated ideas and responses to the criticism of the critics. Malthus believed that misery and poverty were the inevitable results of the law of nature; no government or person should interfere with it.
Since Malthus was a believer in God as a clergyman, Malthus had the belief that God had the created the tendency for human population to grow, but He had the constant, harsh threat of poverty and starvation to teach the virtues of hard work and good behaviour. Malthus saw poverty as a positive check on population as people would have less offspring that they could not support. Including to that, as wages increased, birth rates were expected to increase while the death rates would drop. To him, increased wages led to population growth.
Thomas Malthus had miscalculated his ideas and had failed to take several factors into consideration. The Industrial Revolution had advances in sanitation, technology, and food- distribution that had led to declining death rates. The new mechanized farms were producing more produce per acre and birth control helped control the rate of births.
Thomas Robert Malthus died on December 29, 1834 passing on his knowledge for later generations to come.
"Thomas Robert Malthus." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 15 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_malthus.
Thomas Robert Malthus was born on February 14, 1766 at Dokering, an area south of London. Malthus's father was named Daniel Malthus and was a Jacobin that had worked with other philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Hume. Malthus was educated privately by his fathers and a group of private tutors. At 18, he attended Cambridge college where Malthus became a curate, or a person authorized to conduct religious worship, of the Church of England. When Malthus became 38, he got married and left Cambridge. In 1805 he became a professor at Haileybury, a university that was for the general education of the East India Company.
Between 1798 and 1826, Malthus published his major work Essay on the Principles of Population. Malthus argued that when the population is unchecked, it increases at a geometric rate while the food supply increases at a slower rate. The result will be overpopulation and starvation if the human race is not held in check. Malthus stated that there were only two things that kept the population down: vice and misery, two necessary evils being war, famine, and disease. The greatest conclusion of Malthus's Essay on the Principles of Population was that the unchecked population will surpass man's ability to live on this planet.
-Thomas Malthus"The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice."
Malthus also argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits: positive checks, which raises death rates; and preventative checks, which lowers birth rates. Malthus had been a realist that had been picked on by the idealists because of his work. There was much criticism by other people that led Malthus to make six different updated editions of Essay on the Principles of Population that included his more updated ideas and responses to the criticism of the critics. Malthus believed that misery and poverty were the inevitable results of the law of nature; no government or person should interfere with it.
Since Malthus was a believer in God as a clergyman, Malthus had the belief that God had the created the tendency for human population to grow, but He had the constant, harsh threat of poverty and starvation to teach the virtues of hard work and good behaviour. Malthus saw poverty as a positive check on population as people would have less offspring that they could not support. Including to that, as wages increased, birth rates were expected to increase while the death rates would drop. To him, increased wages led to population growth.
Thomas Malthus had miscalculated his ideas and had failed to take several factors into consideration. The Industrial Revolution had advances in sanitation, technology, and food- distribution that had led to declining death rates. The new mechanized farms were producing more produce per acre and birth control helped control the rate of births.
"It is an acknowledged truth in philosophy that a just theory will always be confirmed by experiment."
-Thomas Malthus
Thomas Robert Malthus died on December 29, 1834 passing on his knowledge for later generations to come.
"I think it will be found that experience, the true source and foundation of all knowledge, invariably confirms its truth."-Thomas Malthus
"Thomas Robert Malthus." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 15 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_malthus.
Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 6th ed. Vol. Combined. Southbank, Vic.: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. Print.
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